Conviene subrayar en la época de la ciencia, cuando las prácticas más aberrantes y las especulaciones más desaforadas compiten por arrogarse el título de ciencias, que la filosofía no es una ciencia, ni necesita serlo para ejercer sus funciones críticas. No obstante, mantiene una relación íntima y constante con las ciencias desde sus orígenes hasta nuestros días (relación histórica), utiliza el mismo instrumento metodológico, la razón crítica (relación metódica) y recorre el mismo ámbito de la experiencia cognoscitiva humana (relación sistemática). (...) En ese sentido, la filosofía no se arredra ante el discurso postmoderno de la deslegitimación —Lyotard, Baudrillard, Vattimo, etc.—. Aunque las soluciones filosóficas son legitimadoras, no se reducen a mera ideología, ni tecnocrática ni progresista. (shrink)

Mindreading capacity has been widely understood as the human ability to gain knowledge about the inner processes and states of others that bring about the behavior of these agents. This paper argues against this epistemic view of mindreading on the basis of different empirical studies in linguistics and social and developmental psychology: we are systematically biased in attributing mental states, and many everyday uses of mental ascription sentences do not reflect an epistemic function in our social interactions. We introduce an (...) alternative view of mental ascriptions, the social cover view, which is consistent with the evidence. The social cover view holds that the main function of mental ascriptions is to cover the social status and reputation of an agent rather than to gain knowledge about her inner processes and states. Finally, we discuss two possible objections to our proposal. (shrink)

The revised Common Rule includes a new option for the conduct of secondary research with identifiable data and biospecimens: regulatory broad consent. Motivated by concerns regarding autonomy and trust in the research enterprise, regulators had initially proposed broad consent in a manner that would have rendered it the exclusive approach to secondary research with all biospecimens, regardless of identifiability. Based on public comments from both researchers and patients concerned that this approach would hinder important medical advances, however, regulators decided to (...) largely preserve the status quo approach to secondary research with biospecimens and data. The Final Rule therefore allows such research to proceed without specific informed consent in a number of circumstances, but it also offers regulatory broad consent as a new, optional pathway for secondary research with identifiable data and biospecimens. In this article, we describe the parameters of regulatory broad consent under the new rule, explain why researchers and research institutions are unlikely to utilize it, outline recommendations for regulatory broad consent issued by the Secretary's Advisory Committee on Human Research Protections, and sketch an empirical research agenda for the sorts of questions about regulatory broad consent that remain to be answered as the research community embarks on Final Rule implementation. (shrink)

Según la liturgia, mi vida, es decir, la de cada cual, en su realidad concreta, no es «cosa» alguna, sino proyecto, empresa, misión; acontece, se va haciendo. La tradicional perspectiva cris-tiana reclama una intensificación del conocimiento, relativamente descuidado, de lo que significa ser persona. Un peso del pensamiento helénico, ajeno al cristianismo, ha orientado al pensamiento poste-rior, filosófico y también teológico, a un «sustancialismo» que ha lle-vado a reducir la persona a un tipo muy particular de «cosa».

Monitoring health is one of the basic principles of Occupational Health and Safety. The main objective of this monitoring will be the detection of possible damage to health arising from work. They try to discover the effects that the inherent risks with the work may cause the worker, which will show, given the case, through an alteration of health or the state of organic and functional state, both physically and mentally. Regarding the monitoring of health, there are many and varied (...) issues to be raised concerning the right to personal privacy. Thus, notably, whether there was effective consensus, and whether, in particular, the object and the purpose of the medical examination meant a disregard of the statutory scheme, an excess or even a failure to comply with the terms of the Spanish Constitution. The limits imposed by the law makers to the productive unit will play a key role in identifying the content of the company obligation to monitor health, being in many cases guarantees of constitutional rights. Therefore, the methods of health monitoring and control of workers will always be carried out respecting the privacy and dignity of the worker as well as the confidentiality of all information related to their health. (shrink)

Secondary findings for adult-onset diseases in pediatric clinical sequencing can benefit parents or other family members. In the absence of data showing harm, it is ethically reasonable for parents to request such information, because in other types of medical decision-making, they are often given discretion unless their decisions clearly harm the child. Some parents might not want this information because it could distract them from focusing on the child's underlying condition that prompted sequencing. Collecting family impact data may improve future (...) policy determinations. (shrink)

Tanto Tomás de Aquino como Husserl coinciden, respecto a la teoría sobre la verdad, en pensar que (debido a la adecuación) el intelecto hace una copia exacta (absoluta) de una cosa siempre idéntica (igualmente absoluta), y que gracias a ello refutan el relativismo. Pero Julián Marías, entusiasta de la verdad, critica al absolutismo y al relativismo, y piensa que ambos están basados en la verdad como adecuación. La visión que sobre la verdad tiene Marías es consecuencia de su respeto a (...) la realidad, organizada en perspectiva: esta es de la realidad, no del hombre que la mira. Por ello ninguna verdad agota la realidad. Los partidarios de la adecuación suelen aplicar su esquema mental a los objetos irreales o ideales, suponiendo que la realidad como tal, caótica para ellos por la multitud de puntos de vista diferentes, está desorganizada y es fuente de relativismo. (shrink)

Kripke’s most important arguments in Naming and Necessity against the description theory of reference of proper names are the arguments from ignorance and error concerning names of historical figures. The aim of this paper is to put forward a reply to these arguments. The answer to them is grounded on the development of one component of the version of the description theory proposed by the authors that are regarded as the classical contemporary advocates of this theory, namely Searle and Strawson; (...) one of the targets of Kripke’s arguments is precisely the version of the description theory of reference submitted by these authors. The development of that component results in a sort of description theory of reference not affected by Kripke’s arguments from ignorance and error concerning the names of historical figures, deferential descriptivism. (shrink)

Ranchers and pastoralists worldwide manage and depend upon resources from rangelands across Earth’s terrestrial surface. In the Great Plains of North America rangeland ecology has increasingly recognized the importance of managing rangeland vegetation heterogeneity to address conservation and production goals. This paradigm, however, has limited application for ranchers as they manage extensive beef production operations under high levels of social-ecological complexity and uncertainty. We draw on the ethics of care theoretical framework to explore how ranchers choose management actions. We used (...) modified grounded theory analysis of repeated interviews with ranchers to compare rancher decision-making under relatively certain and uncertain conditions and describe a typology of practices used to prioritize and choose management actions that maintain effective stewardship of these often multi-generational ranches. We contrast traditional decision-making frameworks with those described by interviewees when high levels of environmental and market uncertainty or ecological complexity led ranchers toward use of care-based, flexible and relational frameworks for decision-making. Ranchers facing complexity and uncertainty often sought “middle-ground” strategies to balance multiple, conflicting responsibilities in rangeland social-ecological systems. For example, ranchers’ care-based decision-making leads to conservative stocking approaches to “manage for the middle,” e.g. to limit risk under uncertain weather and forage availability conditions. Efforts to promote heterogeneity-based rangeland management for biodiversity conservation through the restoration of patch burn grazing and prairie dog conservation will require increased valuation of ranchers’ care work. (shrink)

Reflecting the current turn in curriculum work that underscores the relationship between theory and practice, this volume brings together the voices of curriculum theorists working within academic setting and practitioners working in schools and other educational settings. The book traces their collaborative work, challenging the assumption that practitioners should be only consumers of the theory produced by academics. Thus, this collection engages readers in the complicated conversation about the relationship between theory and practice, between theoreticians and practitioners. Although every author (...) is, to some degree, a practitioner as well as a theorist, their collaboration emerges from the particular positions and identification that each assumes in the practice of their craft. From working with homeless youth to deepening one's personal commitment to antiracist pedagogy in schools, each author's experience implodes the false binary of the theory/practice dichotomy, illuminating a different dimension of the challenges therein. (shrink)

Pocas veces ha habido mayor afinidad entre un filósofo y un científico. Este libro (de 191 páginas) descubre cómo Julián Marías conoció a Jérôme Lejeune en 1980, y ambos resultan muy afines: los dos afirman la unicidad (calidad de único) de cada persona, algo que durante la Edad Media se reservaba a muy pocos seres de este mundo: el Sol, la Luna o la Tierra, pero no se aplicaba a cada persona, considerada como miembro de una especie única porque se (...) creía que su principio de individuación era la materia señalada por la cantidad (estos huesos y esta carne, no agotados en cada individuo). Además, se consideraba que solo había persona cuarenta días después de la concepción en el caso del varón, y noventa en el caso de la mujer. El presente libro (que traduce por primera vez al español algunos textos en francés tanto de Lejeune como de Marías y que parte de la genética moderna descubierta por Lejeune, así como de la metafísica de Marías, la cual considera "mi vida" como la realidad radical) muestra cómo estos dos grandes humanistas supieron ir a contracorriente, usando la razón y la ciencia, para proteger al no nacido. Índice: Un filósofo y un científico ante el aborto- Angustia ante la monstruosidad- Lo más grave que ha ocurrido en el siglo XX- Deshumanización- Diversas hipocresías- El caso de Jérôme Lejeune- El informe que Marías le pidió a Lejeune- Del cigoto a Pulgarcito- Unicidad desde la concepción- Teoría de la animación retardada- «Yo soy yo y mi circunstancia»- La nueva metafísica- De las “cosas” a la “persona”- De la “naturaleza” al “hombre”- De la “sustancia” al “hacerse”- De la “materia signata” a las “experiencias radicales”- Del “qué” o “algo” al “quién” o “alguien”- Del “algo corporal” al “alguien corporal”- Del “embrión” a la “criatura”- Del “aborto” a la “perduración”- Del “parecer” a la “verdad”-. (shrink)

El llamado “Humanismo del Renacimiento” se presentaba como luz disipadora de la barbarie. Ante los inquietantes síntomas de decadencia actual, este libro invita a hacer el “Renacimiento del Humanismo”. El gran dilema de nuestro tiempo es: “Humanidades” o “barbarie”. Si se opta por las Humanidades, por el Humanismo, nuestro mundo conocerá otro Renacimiento. La Filosofía, tan postergada hoy, es indispensable para vencer la barbarie que nos amenaza. Con la expresión “Renacimiento del Humanismo” se hace referencia también a la necesidad de (...) renovar muchos conceptos filosóficos —anquilosados, arcaicos— usados hasta ahora, que cosifican a la persona porque están pensados para entender las cosas, y que no siempre tienen en cuenta la entera realidad del hombre. Esta “humanización” de la Filosofía permitirá iluminar otras disciplinas, incluyendo la Teología, y dentro de ella la Liturgia. (shrink)

¿Es posible ser nacionalista y cristiano a la vez? ¿Hasta qué punto se han influido y se influyen de forma mutua nacionalismo y Cristianismo, especialmente en España? ¿Debe el Cristianismo orientar acerca del nacionalismo? ¿Acaso no tiene la competencia o los suficientes recursos para hacerlo? Las respuestas a esas preguntas suelen tratarse, en general, con bastante torpeza, sin el requerido conocimiento histórico; hay muchos intereses creados a los que no interesa la verdad. Los lectores de este libro (de 292 págs.) (...) encontrarán datos históricos apenas conocidos, esenciales para una reflexión liberal, necesaria a la hora de comprender tanto el Cristianismo y el nacionalismo, por un lado, como para darse cuenta de hasta qué punto son incompatibles, por otro. "La verdad os hará libres". En Europa, todo nacionalismo tiene su origen en el absolutismo decimonónico, surgido como reacción violenta contra el liberalismo, lo cual no interesa que se conozca a los nacionalistas, profundamente descontentos de su propia historia a la que, mintiendo, quieren ocultar o inventarse otra en su lugar. Índice: Prólogo de Jaime Mayor Oreja- Introducción- I. La inmoralidad del nacionalismo- II. Cristianismo, Humanismo, liberalismo- III. Nacionalismo y Cristianismo- IV. Católicos liberales- V. Nacionalismo y clericalismo- VI. Política nacionalista y política cristiana- VII. Los españoles, amigos- Epílogo de Josep Tarradellas, Presidente de la Generalitat de Catalunya (de una carta suya al autor de este libro, fechada en Barcelona, en el Palau de la Generalitat, el 28 de noviembre de 1977). (shrink)

A los extranjeros les gusta odiar España. Los españoles odian amarla. Sin embargo, millones de personas la recorren, seducidos por aquello que critican. El pensamiento de Julián Marías ofrece claves para comprender este fenómeno.

El objetivo de este texto es investigar sobre los posibles puntos de encuentro entre la psicoterapia existencial, un paradigma psicológico arraigado en las filosofías de la existencia, y el posicionamiento del profesor Marino Pérez Álvarez, quien se define a sí mismo como conductista radical, respecto a su manera de entender la existencia humana y el modelo más adecuado de psicoterapia. Para ello se proponen seis puntos de encuentro: necesidad de una fundamentación filosófica para la psicología, crítica al cientificismo y al (...) modelo médico, interpretación de los trastornos mentales como problemas de la vida cotidiana, recuperación del paciente como protagonista de la terapia, crítica a la psicología positiva y crítica al dualismo cartesiano. (shrink)

Este trabajo se centra en la acción dialógica y comunicativa entre las personas con la intención de mejorar su educación. Para ello se ha adaptado el formato de las tertulias literarias dialógicas al contenido de las obras musicales. Los principales objetivos han sido: desarrollar las competencias comunicativa, lingüística y musical a través del diálogo interactivo; aumentar el grado de motivación e incrementar la cultura musical de los futuros docentes hacia la música clásica. Se combina una metodología cualitativa con cuantitativa y (...) el método investigación-acción. La muestra han sido 136 estudiantes, futuros docentes en formación. Los principales resultados ofrecen datos positivos. (shrink)

Training animals such as apes, gray parrots, or dolphins that communicate via arbitrary symbols with humans has revealed astonishing mental capacities that may have otherwise gone unnoticed. Albeit bats have not yet been trained to communicate via symbols with humans, we are convinced that some species, especially captive Pteropodid bats (“flying foxes”), show the potential to master this cognitive task. Here, we briefly review what is known about bats’ cognitive skills that constitute relevant prerequisites for symbolic communication with humans. We (...) focus on social learning in general, trainability by humans, associative learning from humans, imitation, vocal production learning and usage learning, and social knowledge. Moreover, we highlight potential training paradigms that could be used to elicit simple “symbolic” bat-human communication, i.e., training bats to select arbitrary symbols on a touchscreen to elicit a desired behavior of the human caregiver. Touchscreen-proficient bats could participate in cognition research, e.g., to study their numerical competence or categorical perception, to further elucidate how nonhuman animals learn and perceive the world. (shrink)

Background: Publication of ethically uncertain research occurs despite well-published guidelines set forth in documents such as the Declaration of Helsinki. Such guidelines exist to aide editorial staff in making decisions regarding ethical acceptability of manuscripts submitted for publication, yet examples of ethically suspect and uncertain publication exist. Our objective was to survey journal editors regarding practices and attitudes surrounding such dilemmas. Methods: The Editor-in-chief of each of the 103 English-language journals from the 2005 Abridged Index Medicus list publishing original research (...) were asked to complete a survey sent to them by email between September-December 2007. Results: A response rate of 33% (n = 34) was obtained from the survey. 18% (n = 6) of respondents had published ethically uncertain or suspect research within the last 10 years. 85% (n = 29) of respondents stated they would always reject ethically uncertain articles submitted for publication on ethical grounds alone. 12% (n = 4) of respondents stated they would approach each submission on a case-by-case basis. 3% (n = 1) stated they would be likely to publish such research, but only with accompanying editorial. Only 38% (n = 13) give reviewers explicit instruction to reject submissions on ethical grounds if found wanting. Conclusions: Editorial compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki in rejecting research that is conducted unethically was difficult to ascertain because of a poor response rate despite multiple attempts using different modalities. Of those who did respond, the majority do reject ethically suspect research but few explicitly advise reviewers to do so. In this study editors did not take advantage of the opportunity to describe their support for the rejection of the publication of unethical research. (shrink)

Reseña de "Punto de inflexión: Crisis climática y ecológica” de Pamela Poo.

Recent research has found that the omission of accent marks in Spanish does not produce slower word identification times in go/no-go lexical decision and semantic categorization tasks [e.g., cárcel = carcel], thus suggesting that vowels like á and a are represented by the same orthographic units during word recognition and reading. However, there is a discrepant finding with the yes/no lexical decision task, where the words with the omitted accent mark produced longer response times than the words with the accent (...) mark. In Experiment 1, we examined this discrepant finding by running a yes/no lexical decision experiment comparing the effects for words and non-words. Results showed slower response times for the words with omitted accent mark than for those with the accent mark present, thus suggesting a bias toward a “word” response for accented items in the yes/no lexical decision task. To test this interpretation, Experiment 2 used the same stimuli with a blocked design and a go/no-go lexical decision task. Results showed similar response times to words regardless of whether the accent mark was omitted. This pattern strongly suggests that the longer response times to words with an omitted accent mark in yes/no lexical decision experiments are a task-dependent effect rather than a genuine reading cost. (shrink)

This article describes the progress and impact of the King’s College London Centre for Military Ethics since its collaboration with the Colombian military forces’ educational institutions. More specifically, the article focusses on expanding the military ethics course across different educational facilities of the Colombian Army and the Colombian Navy and Air Force. The impact of the education delivered using an online course designed to be completed without a tutor is analysed and presented. The final part of the article describes a (...) way forward as far as the Colombian project is concerned, as well as the refinement of the course materials and launch of new tools. (shrink)

El presente artículo busca reconstituir e interpretar históricamente la percepción del cambio histórico al interior del pensamiento católico chileno durante la primera mitad de la década de 1960. Apoyados en fuentes destinadas al debate público así como en investigaciones sociológicas elaboradas en el periodo, se plantean las siguientes conclusiones: entre los factores del cambio histórico se anotaban el proceso de secularización y la articulación de una sociedad plural en Chile; la actitud frente a estos cambios no fue homogénea, conviviendo al (...) interior de la opinión católica posturas que apoyaban los cambios y otras que los percibían con temor; como forma coherente de asumir los desafíos del cambio histórico, se formularon al interior de la Iglesia Católica chilena juicios y acciones orientadas a fortalecer su presencia en la opinión pública, así como a transformar sus propias estructuras y procedimientos. (shrink)